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Homosexuality in China
The existence of homosexuality in China has been well documented since ancient times. According to one study, homosexuality was regarded as a normal facet of life in China, prior to the Western impact of 1840 onwards.〔 However, this has been disputed.〔Passions of the Cut Sleeve: The Male Homosexual Tradition in China by Bret Hinsch; Review by: Frank Dikötter. Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London, Vol. 55, No. 1(1992), Cambridge University Press, p. 170〕 Many early Chinese emperors are speculated to have had homosexual relationships, accompanied by heterosexual ones.〔Hinsch, Bret. (1990). ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve''. University of California Press. pp. 35–36.〕 Opposition to homosexuality, according to the study by Hinsch, did not become firmly established in China until the 19th and 20th centuries, through the Westernization efforts of the late Qing Dynasty and early Republic of China.〔 On the other hand, Gulik's influential study argued that the Mongol Yuan dynasty introduced a more ascetic attitude to sexuality in general.〔Robert Hans Van Gulik 1961. Sexual life in Ancient China: a preliminary survey of Chinese sex and society from ca. 1500 B.C. till 1644 A.D. Leiden: Brill.〕〔Needham, J: Science and Civilization in China: Sexual Techniques. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, Vol. 2, 1954.〕 It is also argued that the classical Chinese were unable to express homosexuality in a coherent and empathetic manner."〔〔M. P. Lau and M. L. Ng: Homosexuality in Chinese Culture. Review of: History of Homosexuality in China (Chinese ed.). Xiaomingxiong. Hong Kong: Samshasha and Pink Triangle Press, 1984. Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry 13: 465--488, 1989. O 1989 Kluwer Academic Publishers〕 Thus, it may remain for further research to determine the question of whether anti-gay attitudes in Modern China can be significantly attributed to the entrance of Western attitudes into China, or whether opposition was merely not expressed in a coherent manner. Either way, it is indisputable that homosexual sex was banned in the People's Republic of China from at least the twentieth century, until it was legalized in 1997. In 2001, homosexuality was removed from the official list of mental illnesses in China.〔China Decides Homosexuality No Longer Mental Ilness. Associated Press, South China Morning Post, March 08 2001. See http://www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/55/325.html〕
==Terminology in China==
Traditional terms for homosexuality included "the passion of the cut sleeve" (), and "the bitten peach" (). An example of the latter term appears in a 6th-century poem by Liu Xiaozhuo:
— She dawdles, not daring to move closer, / Afraid he might compare her with leftover peach.〔Hinsch, Bret. (1990). ''Passions of the Cut Sleeve''. University of California Press. p. 56. ISBN 0-520-06720-7〕
Other, less literary, terms have included "male trend" (), "allied brothers" (), and "the passion of Longyang" (), referencing a homoerotic anecdote about Lord Long Yang in the Warring States period. The formal modern word for "homosexuality/homosexual(s)" is ''tongxinglian'' () or ''tongxinglian zhe'' (, homosexual people). Instead of that formal word, "tongzhi" (), simply a head rhyme word, is more commonly used in the gay community. ''Tongzhi'' (; sometimes along with ''nü tongzhi'', ), which was first adopted by Hong Kong researchers in Gender Studies, is used as slang in Mandarin Chinese to refer to homosexuals. Such usage is seen in Taiwan. However, in Mainland China, ''tongzhi'' is used both in the context of the traditional "comrade" sense (e.g., used in speeches by Communist Party officials) and to refer to homosexuals. In Cantonese, ''gei1'' (基), adopted from English ''gay'', is used. "Gay" is sometimes considered to be offensive when used by heterosexuals or even by homosexuals in certain situations. Another slang term is ''boli'' (), which is not so commonly used. Among gay university students, the acronym "''datong''" (), which also refers to utopia, in Chinese is becoming popular. ''Datong'' is short for ''daxuesheng tongzhi'' (university students (are ) homosexuals).
Lesbians usually call themselves ''lazi'' () or ''lala'' (拉拉, ). These two terms are abbreviations of the transliteration of the English term "lesbian". These slang terms are also commonly used in Mainland China now.
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